The Battle Of Stalingrad Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Battle Of Stalingrad Essay, Research Paper The Battle of Stalingrad was a really alone conflict. There were several things that made it such a alone conflict. One of the things was that the conflict was fought in a metropolis. The combat was street by street, block by block, and sometimes even house by house. Another thing that made the conflict unique was how it started. The Nazi forces charged into the metropolis with armored combat vehicles and guns firing wildly and invariably, but when they got into the metropolis they realized that their fire was non being returned. They figured that the metropolis was deserted and they weren # 8217 ; t even traveling to hold to contend. Some took out mouth variety meats and others started to dance about. Then all of the sudden Soviets appeared with guns all over the topographic point and German military personnels began to drop similar flies as they were picked off by snipers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle Of Stalingrad Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page More and more German soldiers continued to pour into the metropolis and finally the Germans leveled the playing field, but Communist Russia had made its presence felt by the Germans and everyone could state that a rugged conflict lay in front. These chief ground are what made the conflict so alone compared to other conflicts in World War II. The draw at Volgograd was besides of import in many facets. For one thing, it was a turning point in the war on the Eastern forepart between Germa New York and the Soviet Union. It was here that Hitler was defeated by the Soviets and the USSR showed that it was a military power to be reckoned with. The conflict is now thought of as the beginning of the terminal for Hitler and his Third Reich. From this point on, the Germans were continually pushed back due west and out of the Soviet Union. Hitler had been be aftering to divide Communist Russia into two pieces at the metropolis named after the leader of Russia and finally take over, but Stalin was able to halt him. Another thing that made the conflict of import was that there was an oil field near by called he Caucasus that Hitler # 8217 ; s troops were seeking to take control of, this program was besides foiled, and the Germans were forced to retreat. The USSR had signed a non-aggerssion treaty with the Nazis earlier in the war because they weren # 8217 ; T ready, and did non desire to, acquire invloved in the war. Hitler invaded Poland reasonably easy because of this. That event started the War, but Hitler was happy with his district boundaries to the E, at least for a small piece. He finally got greedy once more and decided to make a blitzkrieg to the Soviet Union. It was successful for a piece. Then he got to Stalingrad and everything flipped on him. That was the beginning of one of the most of import conflicts in the history of the universe.

10 Cheap Ways to Get Books for Class

10 Cheap Ways to Get Books for Class College classes are a chance to expand your mind, explore new subjects, meet new people and learn more than you ever wanted to know about just how expensive books can be. Luckily, there are plenty of ways to find books on the cheap. These helpful hints can trim down your book budget, see also how to find money for education, and help you to work smarter instead of harder. Find Out If You Need the Textbook First Plenty of courses have a recommended textbook and plenty of students know that doesn’t mean youll actually use them. Each year, thousands of students buy expensive textbooks they open once and then throw into a corner to collect dust until the end of the school year. Talk to former students or ask your professor or TA directly if youll need the textbook. Shop Online Secondhand books have become a huge industry online. Websites like ABE and Alibris specialize in out of print and hard to find titles – including textbooks. Amazon also offers quite a few options – including a marketplace solely dedicated to used and secondhand books. When shopping online for textbooks, there are a few tips that can help make sure you find a great deal. Ask About the Edition – Some textbooks go through major revisions every year. Others move the placement of a comma and release it as an Updated Edition. Trawl through the Table of Content, look for a list of updates and changes or simply ask your professor if an older version is fine for the course. Being able to buy an older edition could slash the cost of a textbook in half. Check the Condition – Secondhand books are, by their very nature, used. However, not all students go through a Highlight Fever phase so many textbooks are in great shape with little, if any, marks or highlights. Others, however, can be so marked up that youll start to think the previous owner fostered a deep seated marker scent addiction. If a textbook is priced especially low, be sure to check the notes on its condition. If youre able to ignore marks and notes in the margins, then a heavily used copy will be a lot cheaper than one with little or no marks. Cast the Net Wide – When looking for textbooks online, be sure to include websites that arent completely dedicated to books. Both eBay and Craigslist can be great places to find used textbooks, especially if you manage to search right after a semester ends. Plenty of students try to sell their own textbooks directly and some even sell them as a lot on sites like Craigslist. Factor in Shipping – When you buy books online, they could be coming from anywhere. If youve only started to look for textbooks a few weeks before class starts, be sure theyll arrive in time. Also factor in the shipping costs – textbooks are notoriously heavy. Get Local If your university is near a major city, be sure to check out the local thrift stores. Many students dont bother trying to resell their old textbooks and you may be surprised how many end up on the bookshelves of a local charity shop. While the editions may be older, if your course doesn’t require the most up to date edition, picking up a used copy at a thrift store could make a real difference in how much you end up paying for books. Consider International Editions International editions of major textbooks have the same content as domestic editions. The difference typically has to do with the quality of paper and other materials used to publish the book. These books are not available through US websites or stores. That means youll need to consider extra shipping costs and more shipping time since youll be ordering from abroad. Explore E-Book Options These days, more and more publishers are offering electronic versions of popular university and higher education textbooks. Although you wont be able to easily resell these books once the class is over, they are typically priced much lower than their traditional counterparts. Rent Them! Renting textbooks has become the newest way for students to help take the crunch out of their book budgets. Smaller websites like Textbook Rentals and Book Renter have become hot buzzwords on college campuses. Even the book giants Amazon and Barnes Noble are beginning to get into the textbook rental business. Although currently there are a limited number of books you can rent, its growing popularity suggests that soon students will be able to rent everything from Accounting 101 to Zoology 999. There are many expenses associated with getting a college degree. Paying for tuition and class fees is really the top of the iceberg. Books come a close second in terms of how much of your education budget but these tips can help lessen the sting of buying books for every class. Freeing up a bit of money by getting textbooks cheaper means less stress on your budget and your mind which can make your next semester a lot easier.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Management - Essay Example To be precise, the model measures the extent of competitive advantages that a firm possesses within a particular industry setting (Pascal, Widiantoro, Nguyen & Sharief, 2011). Emphasising on this understanding, the discussion henceforth will intend to discuss about the competitive positions of services industry in Canada. The extent of competitiveness of this industrial sector will be ascertained with the assistance of Porter’s Diamond Theory. Determination of Competitive Position of Services Industry in Canada by Porter’s Diamond Theory ‘Porter’s Diamond theory’ has been devised with the motive of determining the conditions of local environment where a firm is operational. This model identifies both internal as well as external capabilities of a firm in order to determine its competitiveness. The theory has been devised with the intention of ascertaining the competitive position of a firm with the advancement of technological factors. Barragan (2005 ) also noted that companies improve competitiveness with increased productivity and acquiring innovation through the use of advanced technologies. Indigenous firms are identified to be the major contributor towards the development of the economic conditions of a country which mostly represent the service organisations (Barragan, 2005). Notably, there are six variables which are included in the model. Among the six variables, four factors are identified as the determinants of the level of competitiveness a firm possesses which include ‘the related and supplier industries’, demand conditions and ‘firm strategy, structure and rivalry’. The other two factors are considered as indirect factors or outside sources such as government and chance which are determined to be influencing the competitiveness as well as performance of a firm (Karacsony, 2008). The six variables of the model can be precisely identified from the graphical representation below. Porter's Diam ond model framework Source: (Markus, 2008) Factor Conditions Factor conditions comprise of numerous factors which include skilful labour forces, availability of natural resources and adopting advanced technologies. These factors are recognised to be necessary to drive enhanced performances as well as to compete effectively in the global market segments. In this regard, companies performing business operations with greater accessibility of natural resources as well as with ample labour forces at economically profitable rate will assist a company to attain competitive advantages. Moreover, companies adopt advanced technologies and Research and Development (R&D) facilities with the intention of creating better innovative and differential products for better competitiveness. The availability of these factors at a low rate is quite likely to aid the companies towards performing their business activities successfully within a competitive market environment (Bakan & Dogan, 2012; Cini & Nat er, 2010). Canada is demonstrated to excel in relation to services industry which has been currently reported to be accountable for a growth of over 70% in relation to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Moreover, this industrial sector is also responsible for providing employment opportunities to around three quarter of the population of Canada. This business sector comprises of industries which offers intangible products as well as services. Furthermore, the companies which

Pointing Fingers in Refugee Responsibilities Assignment

Pointing Fingers in Refugee Responsibilities - Assignment Example ghts convention acts as the foundation of asylum and states that according of the basic rights to persons considered refugees in a foreign territory is important as it would aim at their well being. Such rights include prohibition from all manner of discrimination, procedural safeguards on situations of expulsion, protection of their private and family life and protection against any ill-treatment. In the case of Germany, denying the woman asylum was a violation of the refugee convention as her home country was in a state of turmoil engulfed in an ethnic civil war. The Secretary General of the UN, Ban Ki Moon had described the situation as a serious crisis that had led to the displacement of thousands of people. The lower administrative court’s decision to deny the woman asylum implied that she had to leave Germany and make a return to her home country, Libya. Germany, in that light, had out rightly violated the refugee human rights convention which granted the woman asylum. The doctrine of the Universal human rights declaration protects the right of refugees by allowing for individuals to seek asylum in areas they consider safe as opposed to staying in their home countries (Forsythe & David, 2009. 89). Furthermore, most of the asylum seekers in Germany arrive through the use of dangerous paths which involve sailing through the Mediterranean sea by use of packed boats, a situation that leads to many of them getting lost and even drowning. The adopted criterion is, however, not legitimate because before arriving in Germany, they go through various countries considered safe states. It is equally important to note that the appellant was right in challenging the Federal Administrative court’s decision as denying her asylum amounted to a violation of her right as well as the obligation of non-refoulement. Meanwhile, Germany on her part acted to counter the escalating influx of refugees in its territory and was vocal in stating that the clause of non- refoulement

High School and Old Cassette Recorder Essay Example for Free

High School and Old Cassette Recorder Essay My hobbies Almost everybody has some kind of hobby. My hobbies are listening to music , watching television and reading books. I am very fond of music. When I am free, I often listen to my favorite songs from an old cassette recorder. At weekends, I usually go to music shops in the downtown areas to buy good CDs. Of the famous pop singers, I prefer Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley, Madona and Paul MC Cartney. I also spend an hour after dinner watching news and documentary programmes. I particularly enjoy the program The World Here and There because it broadens my knowledge of nature and human civilizations. My favourite book is ‘’Treachery’’. Its author is Elxan Elatli. I think that my hobbies are very useful. They widen my knowledge, relax my mind, and make me feel better about myself. My favorite hobby is playing drums. I spend a lot of my free time playing drums. I started learning to play drums when I was 9 years old. I played in my school’s band. When I was 12, I got a private drum teacher and started to really enjoy playing. My parents bought me a drum set. An important event in my life There are so many events happened in my life and most of them consist to be an important part of my life. They are precious because I can learn much from them or sometimes they can make me feel better when I am sad. I think the event which influent me most is happened at my senior high school. When I was in my third grade of senior high school, I should choose the university and the major which I want to go on my further study after the college entrance examination. After the score came out, I chose doctoring as my first major. But my parents disagreed that strongly. Because I never said that I wanted to do something in the future relative with the medical career before. Both of them let me thought carefully because to be a doctor was very toilsome. Also, doctors always shift their work and they should go to work at night even. That’s a tired job. In addition, the process of being a doctor was difficult, too. My mother wanted me to be a teacher as her. At that time, I was so confuse that I didn’t know which one was suitable for me to choose. I knew what the advice my parents gave was good for me. I also knew my future was belongs me and I should make the choice by myself, not my parents. Maybe to be a teacher was good, but I didn’t like .After this event, I decided all over the things by myself. i chose the tourism. Like the debates, although sometimes our opinions are different, we communicate our thoughts and make the choice depend on our own. If we hesitate to do one thing and do not make up our mind, we can’t do the thing successfully

Work And Play :: essays research papers

In society, there are usually two main groups when associated with their mentality towards work. But is there a distinction between work, play, and creative expressions? Art is anything that requires creation or imagination. An artist, a writer, or a pianist probably enjoys what they do for a living because they have that talent to make that happen for them in their career. You can say that an artist will never retire because they have that passion and dedication to draw even when they get old. Sad to say, most people who do retire probably never liked their job or what they did for a living. Otherwise, why retire to something you love so dearly?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Living to Work†, by Dorothy L. Sayers examines two classifications of people and their work. One group looks to work as a dreaded necessity, while the other group looks at their work as an opportunity for enjoyment and self-fulfillment. Altogether, their values, interests, and hard work all come down to money. For many, a â€Å"successful† worker is one who makes the most income and achieves the most fame. When it comes to interviews, the main questions are wages and hours. These people often fail to consider if the work is their actual passion--to do something they love. Partial blame goes out to our capitalist system and industrial machinery. We forget why we wake up each morning lose focus of what work really should be. But overall, the fact is that we must arrange our ideas where everybody has an opportunity to work hard and find happiness in doing well the work that needs to be done. I believe working in factories is the most difficult job to have because the machines practically take over. Most workers have the same routine over and over again. No wonder these workers hate going to work. For those who see it as a career, they have to face the job for almost their whole life; gradually, their indifference eats up the enthusiasm, giving them nothing to look forward to each morning. No wonder people die to retire early. Since our economy is now based on industrial machinery, majority of the workers either work at factories or industries. It leaves us with no imagination and by the end of the day, we become exhausted by lifting, moving, rearranging, or whatever factory work entails. There is absolutely no form of creative expression or art anywhere.

Photosynthesis

The leaves are the part of a plant where most photosynthesis takes place. If you cut a leaf in half and look at the cut end, it would look like this: Key: 1. Waxy cuticle: this gives the leaf a waterproof layer, which lets in light. 2. Upper epidermis: provides an upper surface. 3. Palisade cells: contain chloroplasts. 4. Spongy mesophyll: collection of damp, loosely packed cells. 5. Lower epidermis: layer of cells on the lower surface. 6. Air space inside the leaf: allows contact between air and moist cell surfaces. 7. Stoma: a hole in the leaf through which gases diffuse. . Guard cells: change shape to close the stoma. One unique feature of leaves is that they have tiny holes in them to let carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit. The hole formed between these cells is called a stoma. A stoma is just a hole. It is controlled by two guard cells, which change shape to either open or close the hole. Something makes water enter the cells by osmosis and so they swell up and change shap e, but no one is quite sure of the trigger. The stomata (air holes) on plants are normally open during the day and closed at night.These stomata are found on the undersides of leaves. This is because if they faced the sunlight, some of the plant's precious water could evaporate out of them. [IMAGE] Guard cells Hole Open stoma Closed stoma Photosynthesis is the way that plants make their food using energy from sunlight. This is the word equation: [IMAGE] Plants use the green dye (or pigment) called chlorophyll to pick up the energy from the sunlight. Plants make sugar and use some of it for energy to keep them alive (respiration) but they also use some for growth and repair by making fats and proteins.However, it is not always sunny so plants need to be able to store some of the sugar they make, so they convert it to a storage carbohydrate (starch). Plants could use starch or glucose. Starch is insoluble (it does not dissolve in water) while glucose is soluble. This means that if sta rch is used, less water is required to keep its food stored. The amounts of water, carbon dioxide, sunlight and temperature can all affect how effectively a plant carries out photosynthesis.The amount of water is effected by how much is taken up through the roots and how much is lost from the leaves. If less water is available in the leaf then photosynthesis will occur more slowly. Similarly, if there is less carbon dioxide around then photosynthesis will occur more slowly. There wont be enough of the fuel (substrate) to get the reaction to work. If there is less sun, which usually means it is cooler too, then there is less energy for photosynthesis and it occurs more slowly. So photosynthesis works best when it is warm and sunny.Aim === The aim of my experiment is to determine whether or not the intensity of light will affect the rate of photosynthesis in a plant. To do this, I am going to observe Canadian pond weed (Elodea) under varying light intensities. The Elodea will be subme rged in water. I will count the amount of oxygen given off in this experiment by counting the number of bubbles produced. I used Canadian pondweed because of its unusual ability to emit bubbles of gas from a cut end, when placed in water. IntroductionPhotosynthesis occurs only in the presence of light, and takes place in the chloroplasts of green plant cells. Photosynthesis can be defined as the production of simple sugars from carbon dioxide and water causing the release of sugar and oxygen. The chemical equation for photosynthesis can be expressed as: sunlight [IMAGE]Carbon dioxide + water sugar (glucose) + oxygen + water CO2 + H2O C6H2O6 + O2 + H2O All plants need light in order to photosynthesise. This has been proven many times in experiments, so it is possible to say that without light, the plant would die.The reason that light intensity does affect the rate of photosynthesis is because as light (and therefore energy) falls on the chloroplasts in a leaf, it is trapped by the c hlorophyll, which then makes the energy available for chemical reactions in the plant. As the amount of sunlight (or in this case light from a bulb) falls on the plant, energy is absorbed. This means that energy is available for the chemical reactions, and so photosynthesis takes place. The more light there is that falls on the leaf in the first place, the quicker the rate that the reaction can take place.There are many factors which will affect the rate of photosynthesis, including light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. The maximum rate of photosynthesis will be controlled by a limiting factor. This factor will prevent the rate of photosynthesis from rising above a certain level, even if the other conditions needed for photosynthesis are improved. It will therefore be necessary to control these factors throughout the experiment so as not to let them affect the reliability of my investigation into the effect of light intensity.Predictions ——â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ I predict that as the intensity of light increase, so will the rate of photosynthesis. I also predict that if the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase at a proportional rate until a certain level is reached, and the rate of increase will then go down. Eventually, a level will be reached where an increase in light intensity will have no further effect on the rate of photosynthesis, as there will be another limiting factor, in this case probably temperature. Preliminary work =============== Initially, to determine a suitable range of levels of light intensities at which to record results for my experiment, I did a preliminary investigation in which I recorded the number of bubbles of oxygen given off in a given time at various light intensities. To alter the light intensity, I placed a lamp at various distances from the plant. I also therefore needed a way of accurately measuring the light intensity, and I did this using a light intensity mo nitor. I obtained the following results:Light intensity (%) Number of oxygen bubbles collected 100 38 95 51 90 45 85 36 80 33 75 14 70 7 65 1 60 0 Although this is a very quick, simple and efficient way of obtaining an idea of the trends for the graph, and the boundaries for the measurements, this experiment was not in itself in my opinion accurate enough to be the basis of my main experiment. This lack of accuracy was mainly due to the fact that by simply counting the bubbles, I was relying on each bubble being exactly the same size, which they clearly were not.The preliminary experiment will give me a best fit curve to which I can compare my main graph, and also points at either end of my results at which it is clear to see light intensity has little or no effect. Here, it was in fact at a light intensity of around 95% when it seems that another factor such as temperature or carbon dioxide concentration has become a limiting factor. In my main experiment, it will not be necessary to take readings above this point. It also shows that while my outer limits are justified, it will be better to take more readings between the current light intensity values of around 60 – 95%.I will take readings at 60%, 62. 5%, 65%, 67. 5%, 70%, 72. 5% aâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ This way I will obtain more results between an accurate value scale. Here are my results from my preliminary experiment: [IMAGE] Method Input variables Light intensity – This is to be varied by increasing and decreasing the distance from the light source to the plant Output variables Volume of oxygen (rate of photosynthesis) – This is to be measured by finding the number of bubbles of oxygen produced in a 30 seconds. Carbon dioxide concentration – This can affect the rate of photosynthesis, since if there is too little CO2, it can become the limiting factor.In this case, as long as the experiment is done over a short period of time, the amount of carbon dioxide used up by the plant will not b e sufficient enough to cause the carbon dioxide concentration to become the limiting factor. If my experiment were to be performed over a longer period of time, this would become a problem. Water availability – Water is also required in the photosynthesis reaction, and when it is lacking, the plants' stomata close to prevent further water loss. This closing of the stomata cells also leads to little carbon dioxide being able to diffuse through.Clearly, in a water plant, (like the pondweed) as long as the plant is fully submerged in water at all times, this will not be a problem. Temperature – Enzymes are used in the photosynthesis reactions of a plant. Therefore, temperature will increase the rate of photosynthesis, until a point at which the enzymes weaken and work at a slower rate. I am going to perform the experiment at 22 degrees, checking the temperature frequently in case the heat given off from the light should slightly raise the temperature, in which case I shal l simply refill the beaker with more water after each experiment.Apparatus list A § Desk lamp A § Elodea pondweed A § Clamp A § Water A § Thermometer A § Test-tube A § Beaker A § Cold water A § Stopwatch A § Light intensity meter Cut a stem of Canadian pondweed of about 7cm in length. Fill a test-tube with water, and place it in a clamp. Then place the test tube into a beaker of cold water. Insert a thermometer into the beaker, and record the temperature at the beginning and end of each experiment, (as a precaution against a significant unexpected rise in temperature).Set up a lamp at a set distance from the plant, ensuring that this distance is from the filament of the lamp to the actual pondweed, rather than the edge of the beaker. The light intensity must be measured in the same way as described in the preliminary experiment. When bubbles are being produced at a steady rate, start the stopwatch and count how many oxygen bubbles are produced in 30 seconds. Repe at this experiment three times for accuracy. Following the aforementioned method, I obtained these results: Light intensity (%) Number of bubbles counted Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 95 52 0 50 90 47 48 46 85 37 39 39 80 35 32 33 75 12 13 10 70 4 2 3 65 1 0 2 60 1 0 0 From these results, I have worked out one set of average results and drawn a graph to show them. The results are rounded up to integers because the â€Å"number of bubbles counted† is discrete data (ie – â€Å"4 and a half bubbles† would not be appropriate). ===================================================================== Light intensity (%) Average number of bubbles counted 95 51 90 47 85 38 80 33 75 12 70 3 65 1 60 0 *****Analysis***** ================== *****My graph was in the form of a best-fit curve.I drew it as a curve rather than a straight line because of the clear pattern of the points. This meant that the rate of photosynthesis increased as the light intensity increased. This was because ph otosynthesis is a reaction, which needs energy from light to work, so as the amount of energy available from light increased with the rise in light intensity, so did the amount of oxygen produced as a product of photosynthesis. My graphs showed that the relationship between the light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis was non-linear, as both graphs produced a best-fit curve.However, as I expected in my hypothesis, it does appear that for the very first part of the graph, the increase in rate is in fact proportional to the increase in light intensity (i. e. a straight line) and I can show this by taking some readings from the graph: Results from graphaâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ =================== From these results, I am able to say that an increase in light intensity does certainly increase the rate of photosynthesis. The gradual decrease in the rate of increase of the rate of photosynthesis (the shallowing of the curve) can be attributed to the other factors limiting the rate of photosynth esis.As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate is being limited by certain factors, such as carbon dioxide and temperature. These factors do not immediately limit the rate of photosynthesis, but rather gradually. As light intensity increases further, so the rate of photosynthesis is being limited by other factors more and more, until the rate of photosynthesis is constant, and so is almost certainly limited in full by another factor. Overall, both graphs and my results support my predictions fully.My idea that the rate of photosynthesis would increase with light intensity was comprehensively backed up by my results. This is because a higher light intensity involves a greater level of light energy, which can then be transferred to a special protein environment designed to convert the energy. Here, the energy of a photon is used to transfer electrons from one chlorophyll pigment to the next. When enough energy has been gathered at a reaction centre, ATP can be synthesised from ADP. The oxygen collected in the experiment is in fact the by-product of this reaction, and so it is lear to see that the more light energy, the more ADP is being converted into ATP and more oxygen is produced as a result. Evaluation ========== Although I feel that my experiment was sound overall, I thought there were many points at which the accuracy was not perfect. As I have already stated, my preliminary experiment was not accurate enough to justify being used as my main experiment. This was mostly due to the fact that I was relying on all the bubbles being the same size, which they clearly weren't, however many of the smaller inaccuracies also apply to my main experiment.Firstly, the distance between the light sources and the Canadian Pondweed were not measured to a very high degree of accuracy, especially when you note the fact that the distance should have been measured exactly from the filament of the light bulb to the centre of the plant. It is possible here to find a percentage error. I estimate that the error could have been up to 0. 5cm and I will find the percentage error for the largest and smallest reading using this estimate: Percentage error = possible inaccuracy total reading % error distance 10 5cm 1 50cm Percentage error is just how much your guess was off from the actual value. The formula is: |estimate – actual|/actual * 100% [That is: the absolute value of (the estimate minus the actual) all divided by the actual, all multiplied by 100%. ]* It is clear to see that the percentage error is much less for the larger distances. Although I was not actually using the distances as part of my results, I used them as a marker for where the lamp was placed each time, as I assumed that the light intensity would be the same each time at a particular distance. Therefore, any inaccuracies in measuring the distances, i. e. f a distance was slightly different when doing the actual experiment from the distance at which I earlier measured the l ight intensity, an error would ensue. The second major inaccuracy was in measuring the volume of oxygen given off. When reading the syringe there could have been an error of 0. 25mm, and again it is possible to find a percentage error. % error volume 3. 57 7ml 50 0. 5ml For the smallest volumes this is clearly a massive error, and to improve this, it would be necessary to do the readings over a longer period of time, therefore increasing the volumes, and in turn reducing the percentage errors.Another error would have been due to background light in the vicinity. We tried to reduce this error by closing all blinds in the laboratory, but due to practical reasons, we could not all perform the experiment in a separate room, and we therefore experienced light pollution from other student's experiments. This would have had a very marginal effect on my results as a whole, but to eliminate this problem completely, it would have been necessary to perform the experiment in a totally dark room . A further inaccuracy was in the heat generated by the lamp.As I have earlier described, temperature has a very noticeable effect on the rate of photosynthesis, and so any increase in the temperature of the pond water would have had serious effects on the accuracy of my results. To ensure this did not happen, I monitored the temperature of the water before and after every reading, to check that the temperature did in fact not rise. It turned out not to be a problem, as over the short period of time taken by my experimental readings, the temperature did not rise at all.However, if I were to extend the time of my experiment to 5 minutes for each reading for example, which would have the effect of reducing other percentage errors, I would have to find some way of keeping the temperature constant. One way of doing this would be to place a perspex block between the lamp and the plant, which would absorb most of the heat, while allowing the light energy to pass through. As I mentioned in my planning, carbon dioxide concentration could have been an error in the experiment. However, I feel that due to the short period of time taken there is very little chance that the oncentration would ever have been so low as to become the limiting factor. Again if I were to carry out the experiment over a longer time period, it would have been necessary to add sodium hydrogen carbonate to the water to increase the carbon dioxide concentrations. The last inaccuracy, though a small one, was in the time keeping. The main problem here was in when to begin the minute. If for one reading, the minute was started just after one bubble had been produced, and in another reading it was just before, this could have had a negative effect on the accuracy of my results.I therefore ensured that in each case I started the stopwatch just after a bubble had been produced, thus heightening the accuracy. Overall, I felt that due to the small volumes of oxygen involved, my experiment was not as accurat e as it could have been, however I believe it was accurate enough to support and justify my hypotheses. Improvements could have been made as I have stated, mainly by simply increasing the time taken. However, due to practical time constraints in taking the readings for my investigation, and some consequential problems relating to time extension, I could not in fact make these adjustments.The other obvious way of increasing the reliability of my results would be to take many repeat readings and find an average. To extend my enquiries into the rate of photosynthesis, I could perhaps try to link in some of the other limiting factors to the same experiment, as well as investigating them in their own right. It could also be interesting to explore the effects of coloured lights on the rate of photosynthesis, which could lead to the question of whether or not other types of light, such as fluorescent lights or halogen lights, would have a different effect on the rate of photosynthesis.