Frued As A Prism Essays - Political Ideologies, Anti-capitalism

Frued As A Prism Social Recognition of the Human Individual ?From the time of puberty onward the human individual must devote himself to the great task of freeing himself from his parents.? -Sigmund Freud (General Intro. to Psychoanalysis) As a child develops from infancy to adulthood, it soaks up its environment and processes it like a biological computer. As it matures, so does the way it copes with the challenges life presents to him. If the child has the opportunity to be well educated, than he may learn from his history studies, and begin to recognize the different patterns of thought that society has gone through. Perhaps he will learn from these patterns and make an effort to use his knowledge to prevent making many of the same mistakes in his daily life that men have made before. If he studies medieval Europe, he may become skeptical of his own faith. Resulting in his search for a new religion that he can believe in, rather than continue to blindly participate as a member of the faith his parents had chosen for him. If he were to study Imperialism in Europe, than perhaps he would join an athletic team. He would form strong bonds with those within the team, but hopefully he could learn from Europe's mistaken ext reme nationalism and sees that the best thing he can do for his team is remain an individual, not conform to some unwritten code. He would see that it is best to create one's own identity within a group. Perhaps he has read Erich Fromm, and sees that he must recognize himself as a separate entity apart from the world around himself. He individuates. The development of this boy into an individual is exactly what Sigmund Freud would describe as a healthy development toward the formation a personal identity. It is the interactions that take place between a developing individual (the boy) and the society in which that individual lives in which we find the essence of human existence. Man has under gone hundreds of years of dialectic thought, shifting paradigms and intellectual synthesis. Only to have the culmination of human progress come down to Sigmund Freud's recognition of the individual, (with individual thoughts, emotions, morals and experiences) create a singularity through which all future perception must travel through. To get a sense of what type of society Freud changed forever, one must first examine the society from the last major paradigm before Freud, as to understand the society's influences and biases. In 1789 the fruits of the Enlightened Age were ripe and the conditions in France were right for an explosion of enlightened ideals that would define the western world for the next two centuries. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity began as the cries of the French Revolution, but would go on to mold western society into its present day form. It was Napoleon who took the fruits of the revolution and planted them in the minds of people across Europe as he conquered eastward. Despite his failure to conquer Russia and his eventual defeat, the Napoleonic Wars are the most successful and influential campaigns in western history. Napoleon institutionalized l,e,f via his Napoleonic Code. Imagine the concepts of the revolution as fruit, and France as the original orchard where the fruit was bred over hundr ed of years into the perfect crop. Now picture Napoleon as this great farmer who plants the seeds of this fruit across the European landscape. The stage is now set for these seeds to fructify into the paradigm of the next era of western civilization. Throughout the 1800's each one of these concepts matured and ripened in the Industrial Revolution which acted as the fertilizer and the soil as it provided the nutrients in the form of the technology, class antagonism, as well as a modern insecurity of insignificance. Liberty became the most economical of the three fruitful ideals of the revolution. It was the emerging Bourgeois who first embraced it. They were an upper-middle class that was the product of the industrial revolution and its factory systems. These were the factory owners who sought nothing more than personal economical gain. Due to the restrictive economies of the early 1800's, they were vocal supporters of

The Correct Use of Jamais in French

The Correct Use of Jamais in French Many people who have learned French know that its a language with many tricky spellings. When writing in French, jamais  is one word that can be easily confused with another. So, first things first: always watch your spelling with this one! Jaimais,  when spelled with the added i, means I loved, or I was loving/liking/enjoying and comes from  the verb aimer. Whereas the word being discussed here, jamais, means never. Jamais is confusing because it takes the place of the pas in a negation. But on top of this, it can also translate as ever or never in English, which are two quite different notions. When does the French adverb jamais mean ever, and when does it mean never? The short answer is that it depends on the context and construction of the sentence.   Ne ... Jamais Means Never In a negative construction, jamais means never. For example, in the sentence: Je ne ferais jamais à §a.I would never do that. Jamais is one of the few words that can replace the pas part of the negative in a negation sentence. Some of the others are aucun, personne and  rien which are  French negative pronouns. Jamais  doesnt necessarily need to be placed directly after the verb. For emphasis, you can start your sentence with it as well as shown in the example below: Jamais je nai vu quelque chose daussi beau.I have never seen anything as beautiful. Note that in spoken modern French, the ne part of the negation often glides, or even totally disappears. So you need to train your ear to focus on the second part of the negation rather than relying on the first, the ne. Je nai jamais dit à §a sounds like: Jnay jamay di sa or even jay jamay di sa, but both pronunciations mean the same thing.   Jamais on Its Own Means Ever When used by itself without a negative, jamais means ever. We always use it in a question which is a very formal use of the word, or with si, in the expression si jamais meaning if ever. An example of the formal use of jamais in this context would be: Es-tu jamais allà © Paris?Have you ever been to Paris?Today, its more common to use dà ©j meaning already.Es-tu dà ©j allà © Paris? Si jamais tu vas Paris, tà ©là ©phone-moi.If you ever go to Paris, call me. If modern spoken French frequently drops the ne, how do you know if its ever or never? As mentioned earlier, you have to take into consideration the context of the sentence.   Finally, jamais is part of many expressions, all having to do with ever and never. French Expressions with Jamais Tu es plus belle que jamais mon amour. You are as beautiful as ever my love.Maintenant, ils seront ensemble jamais. Now, they will be together for ever.Je laime tout jamais. I love him forever and ever.Cest maintenant ou jamais. Its now or never.  Je nai jamais rien dit. I have never told anything. When reviewing different types of  French negative construction you will see there is more to negation than just ne and pas.

ACCT 2200 Financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ACCT 2200 Financial Accounting - Essay Example What does the phrase â€Å"our arguments suggest a pessimistic prognosis for would-be reformers† mean? The phrase means that in the light of arguments presented, it will be a bad omen for reforming planners. The shift in corporate ethics (described on pg 13) was from what to what? The shift in corporate ethics was from what is morally right to what is technically legal. Who benefits if auditors are biased? If auditors are biased, obviously the corrupt management will be benefited along with some benefit for auditors. Who suffers, if auditors appear to be, but are not in fact independent? If auditor's independence is compromised, the stakeholders will suffer. In 2000, the SEC proposed a rule that auditing firms should not be allowed to also provide consulting services to companies they are auditing. How did the accounting firms respond? The major accounting firms lobbied hard against the proposed limitations on their consulting work and dramatically increased their political contributions to the major political parties. What is the last sentence of the section â€Å"a brief history of audit regulation†? In legislation, the proverbial devil lurks in the details - details that special interests can often successfully influence as long as politicians project the image of decisive action to the broader public.

Anti- corruption and integrity at the car insurance company Essay

Anti- corruption and integrity at the car insurance company - Essay Example The study identifies the main causes of fraud cases and corruption in this industry. It has been identified that the major cause of fraud cases in the insurance companies is poor management in these organizations. It is necessary to have cooperation among the leaders in order to facilitate the policy formulation process. This essay declares that the issue of corruption and integrity in car insurance has become one of the major problems facing many insurance companies. Integrity is of great significance in any insurance company. Many companies have incurred huge losses through corruption. The long run success of any insurance company is determined by its ability to maintain a high level of integrity. Corruption and fraudulence in the car insurance companies has significantly affected their ability to provide quality services to their clients. For instance, when the company compensates fake cases, this may lower their ability to offer best services on the genuine cases. This may significantly affect the company’s performance both in the short and the long run. Frauds lead to increase in the car insurance premiums. The number of fraud cases has become very high while the companies incur too much in attempt to reduce the level of such cases. In many cases, companies encounter the cases of corrupti on in their day to day operations. These significantly hinder the company’s efforts to achieve their targets.

The Holocaust Essay Example for Free

The Holocaust Essay Question: Explain how the experience of the Holocaust might affect the faith of a Jew. (7 marks) The Holocaust also known by Jews as Shoah was a tragic time in Jewish history whereby 6 million Jews were killed. The event poses deep questions about the nature of God, evil and reasons for suffering. Many Jews ask how and why God let this happen. The Shoah really tested many Jews believe in God. Judaism teaches God created everything. So therefore did God created evil? Surely God is all loving and therefore created evil for a purpose but what is it? The covenant relationship made between God and Abraham states that if Jews obey the mitzvoth and the 10 commandments and serve God, God will in return protect them and provide them with the Promised Land. Why did he not protect them here? Was the promise broken is what some Jews might say. Jews may question the existence of God as a result of the Holocaust. Where was God and why didnt he stop it? In this discussion the problem of evil arises. This states, How can an all loving and omnipotent God let suffering into the world? If God is omni benevolent (all good) why did he allow evil to happen? If God is omnipotent (all powerful) why didnt he stop it? Unfortunately there is no one right or wrong answer on this but individual Jews will carry their own opinions. Some Jews might as a result have lost all faith in God all together. Why wasnt he there at the time? Why did he not intervene in the matter, is what some Jews would say? They might now believe there is no God and use the Shoah as proof of their views. Therefore their faith in God may have been greatly weakened and broken by the event. On example of a Jew greatly affected by the Holocaust in a negative way is Elie Wiesel. He was deported to Auschwitz as a teenager and therefore suffered the traumatic time but came out as a survivor. In his book entitled Night he says boldly, For the survivors death is not the problem. We learned to live with the death. The problem is to adjust to life. His accounts of anger with God are among the most powerful to emerge from the Shoah. An extremely powerful line of his book is, Never shall I forget those moments which murdered by God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Elie Wiesel has lost all hope and positive thoughts about God which can be evidently seen through his writing. Despite the fact he is a survivor he does not feel lucky for this but questions why? On the other hand for some Jews their faith has been strengthened by the event of the Holocaust. They see now that God could not intervene in the matter and feel they have gained answers as a result of the Holocaust. God gave everyone free will and bad overpowered good. One example of a Jew who was affected in a positive way as a result of the Holocaust is Emil Fackenheim. He was a rabbi in Germany in the 1930s and spent a short time in a concentration camp. He wrote, As Jews we must continue to practise our faith. If we stop practising Judaism Hitler will have a victory from the grave.We have a service to the worldGods chosen people will survive and this will be a testimony of life over death, on behalf of all mankind. He approaches the event of the Holocaust in a very different way to Wiesel. He feels lucky for surviving the tragic event and sees it as a blessing from God that he was chosen to survive. He describes survivors as chosen people by God. Lastly the question of why God allowed evil and suffering is explored in the Bible in the book of Job where God took away everything from Job yet his faith remained strong. Why did God do this; either as a test of his faith or as punishment. Job kept his faith strong no matter what the reason. Jews may follow this as an example of how to behave. So therefore to conclude the faith of individual Jews has been affected in different ways by the Holocaust. Some have experience positively from the event and have increased faith in God whereas for others their faith has weakened as they question the presence of God at the time. Does the Holocaust go against what Judaism teaches about the role of God?

Reflective Analysis Time Management And Nursing Nursing Essay

Reflective Analysis Time Management And Nursing Nursing Essay An event that was meaningful to me as a nurse happened during my clinical time at St. Michaels Hospital when I did not wash my patient before 8:00 am in order to prepare her to go to a plastic surgery appointment later on that day. My patients 10:00 am Heparin administration was delayed by 45 minutes because she was being washed at that time. This event occurred because I did not prioritize the tasks I had to complete during the day properly, and therefore I learned the importance of time management while I work as a nurse on the clinical unit. Besides me, the people who were involved in the event were the registered nurse who I shadowed, my clinical instructor, and my student nurse buddy. At the beginning of the clinical day, while the events happened, I contacted my instructor, my nurse, and my student nurse buddy. The nurse and I sat down to look at the Kardex of patients and wrote down notes on our Personal Organizational Plan (P.O.P.). On the Kardex, my patients condition was the same as yesterday except she would have a plastic surgery appointment later on that day. Usually the patients husband would visit her daily around 9:30 am and provide care which including washing the patient and helping her to perform bowel elimination. My patient preferred that nurses leave them alone while her husband cares to her. On this particular day, the patients husband had an appointment and could not visit his wife in the morning, which meant it was my responsibility to wash my patient early so she could be ready for her appointment. I verbally informed my student nurse buddy that I would need her help to wash my patient but I thought my memory was good enough that I did not have to write down this specific task on my P.O.P. When I met with my patient, I concentrated on measuring her vital signs, completing the initial assessment, nursing activities, and interviewing my patient for the Roy Care Plan assignment as these tasks were originally listed on the P.O.P. I made sure I finished charting by 9:00 am. Once I finished charting, the nurse came up to me to see if I had bathed my patient and I replied no. From the nurses unsatisfied facial response, I realized I should have bathed my patient earlier in advance. My clinical instructor also asked my student nurse buddy and I the reason the patient had not been washed yet. I thought I could have washed my patient after I completed the charting as I knew the patient usually was washed around 10:00 am by her husband. I felt really bad and irresponsible because I did not wash my patient on time and prepare her for the appointment. My intuition told me there must be an essential task I had missed, but I just could not recall what it was since I did not write it down on the P.O.P. I thought my clinical instructor and the nurse must feel disappointed that I did not perform the task earlier as I remembered my clinical instructor stated clearly to check if any of our patients has special orders or tasks to be done at the beginning of the shift. I believe there are ethical and economic considerations to be taken into account about this event. If my patient was still in the process of getting ready while she received a call to go down to the plastic surgery unit, it would create unnecessary wait time for the plastic surgeon and other patients who would see the plastic surgeon later on. In order to compensate for the extra wait time, staffs at the plastic surgery unit may try to rush things and quality of treatment that patients receive may suffer. Staf fs may have to work overtime due to the delay and economic burden would be a result. In addition, delay of administering Heparin will increase patients risk of blood clotting and serious consequences such as pulmonary emboli, myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis may be resulted. This will be considered as maleficence to the patient (Potter Perry, 2009). Moreover, I believe I should be accountable to my patient by providing safe and quality care to my patient which includes washing my patient on time. This belief arises from my nursing teachers constant reminders to us that it is very important to follow CNOs practice standards during practice. The key issue of the event is time management skills for clinical practice. If effective time management strategies were applied to my clinical practice, the chance of this event occurring would have been minimized and my performance of clinical practice will be improved. According to Chater and Litchfields study done on new graduate nurses who work in a neonatal unit at an Australian hospital (2007), five themes: knowing, planning, support, fulfillment, adapting and being flexible can be utilized to help student nurses and new graduate nurses to better manage their clinical time. Firstly, knowing is essential for nurses to manage time on the unit. The reason is if novice nurses do not know the condition of their patients, then they will not know what interventions they need to apply. More time will be spent looking up and learning about how to take care of the patients conditions. Therefore, obtaining nursing knowledge and familiarity with the daily routine care of the unit can help nurses handle their time on unit more efficiently. Having knowledge about the patients condition will also help novices feel less anxious, gain a sense of control, and raise their level of confidence (Chater Litchfield, 2007). Secondly, planning involves thinking about all the tasks which need to be completed as well as how much time each task requires. Proper planning can guide nurses through their day and ensure that important tasks will not be missed. Taking the time to think about required tasks also saves time because it allows the nurse to figure out what resources will be needed to complete a specific task and get everything ready in advance, rather than beginning a task and suddenly realizing something is missing and having to pause to figure it out. Thirdly, new nurses should not hesitate to obtain support from their preceptors and peers. Researching the right knowledge for a patients problem is time consuming but important, so nurses should not be afraid to ask for help since it is in the best interests of the patient. Also, talking to another new nurse peer will aid in continued development of time management skills. Moreover, when novice nurse are able to manage time and are able to complete all the routine care, they gain a sense of fulfillment and accomplishment (Chater Litchfield, 2007). Finally, adapting and being flexible is essential to mastering time management skills. There are always unexpected and unpredictable events that occur during clinical and being able to adapt and find alternative ways to deal with various situations will help nurses feel less stressed when managing their time on the unit (Chater Litchfield, 2007). Besides the five managing themes stated above, prioritizing is a necessary tool for effective time management. Nurses have to prioritize tasks on their route and finish tasks from high to low priority order. For example, when starting a shift, a nurse should decide which patient requires the most care. The nurse can do this by checking in with each patient briefly to say hello but at the same time to assess their needs. After an assessment is done, it can be explained to the patients who do not need immediate care that they will be taken care of shortly while the nurse attends to those with urgent needs (Waterworth, 2003). In addition, nurses should be careful of some priority setting traps. The first trap is whatever hits first which means a nurse responds to tasks that happen first instead of thinking twice and then responding. The second trap is the squeaky wheel, a patient who is able to gather the most attention from a nurse to hear his or her urgent request may not be the one w ho is the most in need. The last trap is waiting for inspiration, nurses should not be wait to be inspirited to complete a task and they should actively think about what tasks have to be done while on unit (Vaccaro, 2001). I learned effective time management strategies to handle my time on clinical and I will definitely utilize the time managing strategies step by step from knowing , planning , prioritizing tasks, gaining support from other nurses, and being flexible with my tasks. My thinking has changed after analyzing the key issue. It now makes more sense to me the reasons that our instructor requires us to finish all the paperwork on Tuesday night even when we feel tired after spending the whole day on unit. In fact, completing the Diagnostic Complications Sheet and Medication sheet correspond to the knowing phase by gaining knowledge about our patients so that we can provide specific care to our patients, feel less anxious, and better manage our time on unit. By filling the detailed P.O.P., this correspond to the planning theme which helps student nurses organize their day and ensure tasks to be performed will not be missed. In my point of view, I would preserve the action that the register nurse comes to check on me to see if I bathed my patient. With this action, she is being responsible to the patient and also she is offering me support to help me take care of the patient. On the other hand, I would definitely change the way I organize my P.O.P and I would follow my P.O.P. with flexibility and do not just focus on the original task I planned for my patient. For example, once I found out my patient has to be washed before 8:00 am, I will write it down immediately so that I will not forget to complete the task. If a similar situation arises again in my practice, I would inform my student nurse buddy that I require her help to wash my patient before a certain time and ask him or her to remind me to finish the specific task in case I forget or become occupied by some other tasks. In term of recommendations, I think there is no better way than to come to the unit with preparation. For example, student nurses can build their well of nursing knowledge by reading the nursing interventions related to a patients specific condition from the Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing and the Medical-surgical Nursing in Canada. Also, Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice can help student nurses build up their knowledge in medication. The more a student nurse comes prepared for their clinical time, the less anxious he or she will be and can apply the five time managing strategies mentioned above to handle their time on unit more effectively.

Learn Anything

AN ISO 9001 : 2008 CERTIFIED INTERNATIONAL B-SCHOOL MARKS: 80 Information Technology N. B. : 1)Attempt any sixteen questions questions carries equal marks. 1. 2. 3. What are the characteristics of a technologically enabled organization? How does an Organization acquire & disseminal knowledge? Why do you suppose inquiry – only applications were developed instead of fully on lines system? 4. 5. What kind of technology is least flexible? Most flexible? How does strategic planning differ between a firm that offers services & one that manufacturers a product?Is there a difference in the impact of technology on strategy in any two types of firms? 6. What kind of business activities do you think are most amenable to common systems in different countries? 7. What kind of programs do you think are likely to make the most use of floating – point instructions? 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Distinguish between computer hardware & software which most concerns a manager? What kind of softwar e does a server for a local area network need to have? What is OLAP? How does it contribute to the organization? Similar article: Text Mining for BusinessesWhy are standards so important in communications? What industries are most likely able to take advantage EDI? Are there applications where it does not matter if multiple databases are simultaneously updated? 14. Most organizations today have computers and software, all of which are supposed to work on a network, from different Vendors? What are the potential problems with using products from many different sources? .. 2.. 15. What are the differences in design for multi-user system versus a personal system on a pc? )All 16. Does a system have to use the most modern technology to be successful? Why or why not? Are there disadvantages to utilizing the most up-to-date technology? 17. 18. 19. Why should one insist on a demonstration of a package? What is a spaghetti organization? How can you transform a huge firm like General Motors with the help of information technology? 20. How more user development eventually eliminates the need for professi onal systems analysis and programmers? 21. 22. 3. 24. How can a company use multimedia today? How does one go about identifying the expert to be used in developing an expert system? Describe how a virus actually works? What kind of files does it want to infect? What kind of changes does information technology either create or facilitate within and between organizations? What other changes are associate with IT? 25. What are the drawbacks of work place monitoring? Why management might wants to monitor worker productivity?

Investigation of My Personality According to Five Personality Theories

Psychology is the combined elements of Physiology and Philosophy. It is the discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes. It also covers how they effect the external and internal environment of on organism. There are numerous approaches to discovering a systematic theory of personality in order to answer some of the bothersome questions that have developed in psychology regarding this phenomenon. Personality is believed to be possessed by all people in differing degrees. How people tend to think, feel, and behave and what causes individuals to have these tendencies are questions addressed by personality theory and research. Whereas developmental psychology and social psychology have merged as a subject matter in psychology, personality has never truly found that unity. There has never been a fundamentally acceptable definition as to what personality is. These aspects have not prevented personality from being the subject of psychological research and theory-making. One day I’ve began to consider about my personality detailed while studying Psychology. Then I’ve just realized changes in my character and behavior, but didn’t pay much attention to study each side of my personality deeply. During the investigation of my personality I’ve done some tests to learn about my personality better. My personality according to psychoanalytic theory: When I passes the test questions C. Jung’s analytic theory I have realized that I am related to the â€Å"ESFP† providers. I am not an extraverted person and reserved person and I usually prefer being alone. My personality according to Humanistic theory: The focus of the humanistic perspective is on the self, which translates into â€Å"YOU†, and â€Å"your† perception of â€Å"your† experiences. This veiw argues that I am free to choose my own behavior, rather than reacting to environmental stimuli and reinforcers. My personality according to Behavioral theory: A behavioral theory is relatively easy to develop, as you simply assess both leadership success and the actions of leaders. With a large enough study, you can then correlate statistically significant behaviors with success. According to Social –learning theory: I think People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences. According to Trait theory: The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. Consider how you would describe the personality of a close friend. Consequently,I would like to say that I believe people are an open book. If you watch what they do and listen to what they say over time, I think they give us a pretty good picture of their personality and attitudes. I know that is a sweeping generality, but I think it holds true in most people†¦

A drug discovery Essays

A drug discovery Essays A drug discovery Essay A drug discovery Essay Drug find is defined by University of California, San Francisco s ( UCSF ) School of Pharmacy as progressive research to detect biological active molecules in carnal theoretical accounts and therefore hold a possible for curative utilizations in worlds. Drug development is besides defined by UCSF s School of Pharmacy as probes following a drug find that develops the possible molecules into legitimate drugs. Meanwhile, natural merchandises are define as organic substances produced by populating beings and could be classified as primary metabolites, cellular constructions and secondary metabolites. The primary metabolites and cellular constructions are produced for self-survival of these beings while their secondary metabolites are specific to it s species and demo biological effects on other beings. Therefore, secondary metabolites from natural merchandises frequently receive most involvement from research workers for drug find and development surveies ( Hanson, 2003 ) . The Evolution of Drug Discovery from Natural Products Undeniably natural merchandises do play a important function in drug discover and development. In fact, it is particularly of import in intervention of malignant neoplastic disease and infective diseases. This is apparent for 60 % and 70 % of the drugs used in these diseases are from natural resources. These Numberss were taken from the Numberss of new drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) as noted in the Annual Reports of Medicinal Chemistry from 1983 to 1994 ( Cragg et al. 2003 ) . The usage of natural merchandises as lead compounds in drug find foremost came upon the pharmaceutical industry during the 18th and 19th centuries with the peculiar involvement in workss known historically to hold medicative belongingss. Some of the of import medicative merchandises that was discovered in this period of clip include Lanoxin from digitalis ( 1785 ) , morphine from poppies ( 1806 ) , aspirin from salicylic acid in willow bark ( 1897 ) and penicillin from cast ( 1928 ) ( Rishton, 2008 ) . Interest in natural merchandises as lead compounds in drug find continue to lift until it reached a extremum in the period of clip from 1970-1980. However, it was followed by a diminution in research advancement on natural merchandises from 1990-1999. This was apparent with the statistical findings of natural-product patents approved throughout 1984 to 2003 which showed the addition in patent grants throughout the 1980s but the flattening or even little autumn from 1990-1999. The activity of patent grants merely picked up from 2000-2003 ( Carter A ; Koehn, 2005 ) . The period of stagnant or even little diminution of activity in natural merchandises research was resulted from an ignorance of natural merchandises probes by many pharmaceutical companies ( Rishton, 2008 ) . This phenomenon arise due to the debut of high-throughput showing ( HTS ) , combinative chemical science and progresss in the field of genomics which allowed the find of fresh drugs of involvement by testing of huge man-made chemical libraries with selected coveted marks ( Cragg et al. 2003 ; Grabley A ; Thiericke, 1999 ) . Initially, these new methods were taught to give more new drug finds and therefore, giving pharmaceutical companies higher grosss. Alternatively of the expected addition, there had been a diminution in the figure of New Chemical Entities ( NCEs ) with the Numberss hitting an all clip low in 20 old ages of 37 in 2001 and the Numberss continue to worsen ( Rishton, 2008 ) . This explained the increasing involvement of drug find from natural merchandises in rece nt old ages ( Carter A ; Koehn, 2005 ) . The Advantages and Restrictions Natural merchandises have an unreplaceable function in drug find due to the ability of beings to bring forth broad diverseness of chemical compounds with a narrow spectrum of structural differences. Therefore, supplying an even wider library of chemical constructions compared with combinative library ( Grabley A ; Thiericke, 1999 ) . This was apparent with over one-hundred sixty-thousand natural merchandises identified and future anticipation of 10,000 per twelvemonth growing. Furthermore, these compounds have definite utile belongingss as nature was taught to bring forth merely good compounds due to centuries of development ( Demain A ; Zhang, 2005 ) . These stray natural merchandises could be used instantly or undergone minor chemical alterations or even used as templets for man-made compound production so that they could be utilised as medicative drugs ( Barnes et al. 2004 ) . On the other manus, the lifting involvement in natural merchandises possibly due to an increasing consc iousness of the demand of renewable beginning for medical specialties ( Cordell, 2002 ) . However there were besides restrictions in the field of drug find from natural merchandises. One of these restrictions emerged due to the demand of much attempt in the procedure of drug find such as extraction, isolation, testing and construction elucidation. Therefore, clip and costs of drug find was increased ( Grabley A ; Thiericke, 1999 ) . This explained the ground why companies were loath to put their attempt on natural merchandises since they could trust on high throughput showing of man-made theoretical accounts for new biological active substances. The rapid race between pharmaceutical companies to happen better NCEs has pushed companies on faster methods as to accomplish greater gross ( Carter A ; Koehn, 2005 ) . Furthermore, farther research advancement was besides stunted due to limited valid information, seasonal or environmental fluctuations and limited entree of natural resources. With that said, the hereafter of drug finds from natural merchandises may look somberne ss but it will most likely reap tremendous wagess for the medicative universe in the long draw ( Jesse et al. 2009 ) . Taxol: A Successful narrative In the hunt of new fresh biological active compounds, bioassay-guided fractional process of works infusions had yield much successful finds. Among these finds was taxol which showed promising therapeutical consequence in the intervention of ovarian and chest malignant neoplastic diseases ( Otier et al. 1993 ) . The research squad headed by Dr. Monroe E. Wall and Dr. Mansukh C. Wani of Research Triangle Institute made the first find of taxol. The squad found that taxol in extractions of the Pacific Yew tree ( Taxus brevifolia ) in 1971 and these infusions showed good activity toward human unwritten cuticular carcinoma cells. With farther probes, the research squad brought taxol from a fresh compound to presymptomatic developments, clinical tests and even to the pharmaceutical market of today ( Kroll A ; Oberlies, 2004 ) . Dr. Susan Band Horwitz from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine found that taxol substituted GTP in publicity of polymeric tubulin formation. X-ray crystallographic showed that taxol interacts with the H7 spiral construction of ?-tubulin, which was indicated in GTP binding and hydrolysis, despite the dissimililarity of both GTP and taxol ( Kroll A ; Oberlies, 2004 ; Horwitz SB, 2004 ) . Dr. Horwitz proved the antimitotic consequence of taxol by experimental refabrication of tubulin into microtubules. Control experimental processs involve GTP at 370C which output microtubules within 3-4 proceedingss but with taxol, there was an immediate output of microtubules, without any lag period ( Horwitz SB, 2004 ) . The birth of taxol and the apprehension of it s mechanism had provided research workers with much cognition to get the better of malignant neoplastic disease cells. Therefore, this find could take scientists to new drugs with similar or new mechanism of action or even new ways in detecting natural lead compounds. For case, epothilones A and B were extracted from mycobacteria Sorangium cellulosum had shown their ability to help the micortubule assembly without developing opposition through cellular exportation by the MDR effulx pump ( Kroll A ; Oberlies, 2004 ) . Although Taxol could eliminate malignant neoplastic disease cells really good, opposition development throughout the old ages have presented with complications to the medicative universe. Resistance could develop through several tracts such as upregulation of multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein, decreased sensitiveness in cell decease stimulation and changes in microtubule kineticss through mutants and isotype choices ( Horwitz et al. 2003 ) . Consequently, it is imperative for scientists to detect better and newer drugs particularly from natural resources for future drug development as many diseases are germinating to develop opposition to show intervention such as infections and malignant neop lastic disease. The two specimens that was focused in this research for a better apprehension of natural merchandises as lead compounds in drug find were Calluna vulgaris and Myrica gale. The past and nowadays of Calluna Vulgaris Calluna vulgaris, normally known as ling, is under the Ericaceae household with a genus of Calluna. Scots locals besides name heather as Canis familiaris ling, he-heather and hedder with it s Celtic name as fraoch ( Darwin, 2000 ) . Heather is a extremely branched and leafy bush with mean tallness of 0.6m all twelvemonth. It merely flowers from July to October with subsequent seed maturing from October to November ( Clapham et al. 1987 ; Gibbons A ; Press, 1993 ) . Their little, scale-like foliages frequently curled back at the sides while their flowers grow on narrow spikes and present with different colorss such as white and violet ( Clapham et al. 1987 ; Darwin, 2000 ; Gibbons A ; Press, 1993 ) . Heather is largely found throughout the British Isles particularly in the Scots moorland in the E with less widespread in the South and West. Heather could besides be found in most of western Europe, parts of Mediterranean, West of Asia and North Africa. It has besides been brought into North America and Chile ( Clapham et al. 1987 ; Gibbons A ; Press, 1993 ) . It could last in the nutritionally hapless dirt of heaths, Moors, bogs and grasslands. It could besides cultivate in acidic dirts of the unfastened forests since it really prefers acidic dirt. It is even feasible in a scope of wet exposure, from the wet peat bogs to exposed dry countries ( Dines et al. 2002 ) . Wind and insects are the agencies of pollenation of ling flowers as the seeds are little and light for scattering. The drawn-out sprouting period of up to 6 months allows abundant proliferation and broad distribution ( Clapham et al. 1987 ; Gibbons A ; Press, 1993 ) . Despite the copiousness of ling in Scotland, most of the ling moorland of today is semisynthetic due to debasement of the land by huge deforestation. These heathlands are maintained by sheep graze and combustion ( Darwin, 2000 ) . Scots pride ling as one of their most utile workss since it was traditionally used to do walls, thatch, beds, fuel, floor mats, tiles, baskets, brooms and chimney expanses. It was besides found to be comestible in the signifier of tea and ale ( Darwin, 2000 ) . Furthermore, ling was long known for its traditional medicative belongingss. For illustration, the works extract was used as urinary germicide and water pills in Anatolia while the Danish uses the tea of ling for common cold and rheumatoid arthritis. The tea was besides taught to quiet the nervousnesss and bring on sweat. Launert s ( 1981 ) paper besides indicated that a homeopathic redress produced from it s subdivisions is used in intervention of arthritis and insomnia. Several other recorded medicative belongingss include the usage as an expectorator, antiseptic, cholagogue, diaphrotic, anti-inflammatory and in intervention of urarthritis ( Jager et al. 2009 ; Kupeli et Al. 2007 ) . Therefore, the Scots consider ling every bit of import as their emblem, thistle ( Darwin, 2000 ) . Many research had pursued the route to turn out the ethnobotanical belongingss of ling. This include Kupeli and his squad whose chase involved the stimulation of anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive consequence in male Swiss albino mice with five fractions of the Turkish Calluna vulgaris derivative. Among these fractions ethyl ethanoate ( EtOAc ) fractions were chiefly used due to its high bioactivity and through bioactivity-guided fractional process and isolation, the construction was elucidated as kaempferol-3-O-?-d-galactoside ( Figure 1 ) . The anti-nociceptive activity was tested through the ability of the compound to cut down p-Benzoquine-induced abdominal spasms which lead to wrestling motions in the mice. The attendant information was presented in mean figure of writhes with acetylsalicylic acid as the mention drug. In the control, mean figure of writhings was 48.2 while the usage of acetylsalicylic acid ( 200 mg/kg ) resulted in less writhing of 22. Meanwhile, the usage of EtOAc fractions ( 410mg ) , the mean figure of wrestling besides lessening to 29, which was a important decrease in centripetal hurting as p-value is less than 0.01. Hence, the anti-nociceptive consequence of Calluna vulgaris was good justified ( Kupeli et al. 2007 ) . In the same research the anti-inflammatory consequence was determined by the ability of the compound to cut down Carrageenan-induced hydrops in the specimen s hind paw. The anti-inflammatory consequence was measured by difference in thickness of the padder every 90 proceedingss for 6 hours. Average values were compared between the works fractions, control and mention drug, Indocin. The consequences proved that some of the infusions had successfully produce repressive consequence with the highest mark of 28.2 % and a p-value of less than 0.01 while Indocin showed repressive consequence of 41.6 % within 6 hours. Consequently, this besides established the anti-inflammatory consequence of ling ( Kupeli et al. 2007 ) . In another survey done by Jager and her co-workers ( 2009 ) , the monoamine oxidase ( MAO ) inhibitory consequence of the Calluna vulgaris derived from Denmark was investigated. The probe led to the extraction of quercetin from Calluna vulgaris which showed MAO repressive c onsequence in the fractions with a half maximum concentration ( IC50 ) of 18AÂ ±2 AÂ µM while clorgyline, the mention drug, showed an IC50 value of 0.2AÂ ±0.02 AÂ µM. Therefore, certifying the ability of Calluna vulgaris to quiet nervousnesss ( Jager et al. 2009 ) . Other surveies besides found the extraction of phenolic compounds that showed possible in biological activity such as 3,5,7,8,4-pentahydroxyflavone-4-O-?-d-glucoside, callunin, isorhamnetin-3-O-?-d-galactoside and chlorogenic acid from Turkish Calluna vulgaris derived functions ( Ersoz et al. 1997 ) . The past and nowadays of Myrica Gale: Myrica gale, known by and large as sweet gale, is under the household Myricaceae and the genus of Myrica ( Clapham et al. 1987 ) . This odoriferous bush is found to be widely dispersed at higher heights of the northern hemisphere particularly the British Isles. Myrica gale prefers high wet degrees, acidic dirt and shaded countries for cultivation ; hence, it appears to dwell wet heathlands, bogs and moorlands. It is besides located at the H2O borders of watercourses and lakes. It is a dioecian works which means its single flowers are either male or female and there could merely be one sex in one works. Therefore the demand for air current as a agency of pollenation which leads to production of seeds that germinate afterwards. The sex of these workss are interchangeable throughout the old ages while it could turn up to 2m in tallness. Their green foliages are shaped in an oblong but broadest above the center and tapering toward the base with pitchy secretory organs on both sides. On t he other manus, the fruits are two-winged stone fruits incorporating waxy rosins ( Dufour et al. 2005 ; Asakawa et Al. 1997 ) . Many traditional utilizations of Myrica gale was cultivated from its aromatic belongingss. Plagues particularly midges dislike its aroma and this led to utilize of sweet gale as pest repellant in bedclothes, stored linen and around the house. Concurrently, the poached aments produce a waxy rosin which could be made into fragrant tapers. Furthermore, the works can besides be used for flavorer of ale or obtaining dyes ( Darwin, 2000 ) . Medicinally, extracts of the foliage and fruits are taught to be good in abdominal and cardiac diseases. However, these infusions are besides recognized to hold stillborn consequence ( Dufour et al. 2005 ; Asakawa et Al. 1997 ) . The usage of M. gale in traditional medical specialty was so good recognized that it fueled further research for fresh biological active compound in the works. This includes the attempts of Carlton and his co-workers ( 1991 ) to turn out the fungicide belongingss of M. gale. They found that murphy dextrose agar incorporated with M. gale infusions showed small to none fungous growing. This corresponded with the inert ability of the works to contend of pathogens in its natural home ground. Carlton and his co-workers ( 1991 ) besides isolated the compound that exhibit this fungicidal activity as kaempferol-3- ( 2,3-diacetoxy-4-p-coumaroyl ) rhamnoside. It was extracted from mature foliages of Socttish M. gale by a concentration of 1.25-2.50mg/g ( Carlton et al. 1991 ) . Another survey headed by Dufour and his co-workers ( 2005 ) encountered the anticancerous activity of M. gale indispensable oil extracted from the foliages of the works. The research used Canadian derived function of M. gale which was undergone hydrodistillation for indispensable oil extraction. The indispensable oil obtained through 30 proceedingss and 60 proceedingss extraction were both used to measure the workss cytotoxicity toward malignant neoplastic disease cells. It was discovered that the 60-min fraction had a higher cytotoxic activity against the malignant neoplastic disease cell line compared to the 30-min fraction with an IC50 of 88AÂ ±1AÂ µg/ml compared to a IC50 of 184AÂ ±4AÂ µg/ml. Further analysis of both fractions uncovered the 30-min fraction contained 65.60 % monoterpenes and 29.43 % sesquiterpenes while 60-min fraction contained 53.10 % sesquiterpenes. Furthermore, a separate probe of each monoterpene extracted from M. gale showed inaction toward cancerous cell line ( i.e. IC50 gt ; 200 AÂ µM ) . This affirmed that sesquiterpenes of M. gale were biologically active against malignant neoplastic disease cells ( Dufour et al. 2005 ) . Burke and his co-workers ( 1997 ) determi ned that one of these sesquiterpenes to be farnesol while Legault and his co-workers ( 2003 ) found a-humulene in these sesquiterpenes every bit good. Although much work has been done on both of these workss in hunt of fresh drug compounds, there is still much information to be obtained from them as each works serves as a bank of compounds. Therefore, in this research the focal point was in fractionisation, isolation and construction elucidation of the compounds derived from these workss. The information obtained will be utile for future mention and research.

Riots Racism And Hysteria Essays - Lynching In The United States

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